Countrys Push Factors of Beetles and Angels Why Did the Family Go to America

1869 natural history volume by Alfred Russel Wallace

This article is nearly the volume. For the large isle group, see Malay Archipelago.

The Malay Archipelago

Title folio of first edition
Writer	Alfred Russel Wallace
Original title	The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of homo and nature
Illustrator	Thomas Baines, Walter Hood Fitch, John Gerrard Keulemans, Due east. W. Robinson, Joseph Wolf, T. Westward. Wood
Language	English language
Subject	Natural history, Travel
Publisher	Macmillan
Publication date	1869
Media type	2 volumes

The Malay Archipelago is a book by the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace which chronicles his scientific exploration, during the eight-yr period 1854 to 1862, of the southern portion of the Malay Archipelago including Malaysia, Singapore, the islands of Indonesia, then known as the Dutch East Indies, and the island of New Guinea. Information technology was published in two volumes in 1869, delayed by Wallace's ill health and the piece of work needed to draw the many specimens he brought home. The book went through 10 editions in the nineteenth century; it has been reprinted many times since, and has been translated into at least twelve languages.

The book describes each isle that he visited in turn, giving a detailed account of its physical and human being geography, its volcanoes, and the variety of animals and plants that he found and collected. At the same fourth dimension, he describes his experiences, the difficulties of travel, and the aid he received from the dissimilar peoples that he met. The preface notes that he travelled over xiv,000 miles and collected 125,660 natural history specimens, mostly of insects though likewise thousands of molluscs, birds, mammals and reptiles.

The work was illustrated with engravings, based on Wallace'south observations and collection, past the leading illustrators Thomas Baines, Walter Hood Fitch, John Gerrard Keulemans, E. W. Robinson, Joseph Wolf and T. W. Wood.

The Malay Archipelago attracted many reviews, with interest from scientific, geographic, church building and full general periodicals. Reviewers noted and sometimes disagreed with various of his theories, peculiarly the division of fauna and flora along what shortly became known as the Wallace line, natural selection and uniformitarianism. Near all agreed that he had provided an interesting and comprehensive business relationship of the geography, natural history, and peoples of the archipelago, which was little known to their readers at the time, and that he had collected an astonishing number of specimens. The volume is much cited, and is Wallace's most successful, both commercially and as a piece of literature.

Context [edit]

In 1847, Wallace and his friend Henry Walter Bates, both in their early twenties,^[a] agreed that they would jointly make a collecting trip to the Amazon "towards solving the problem of origin of species".^[1] (Charles Darwin's volume on the Origin of Species was non published until 11 years later, in 1859. It was based on Darwin'due south own long collecting trip on HMS Beagle, its publication precipitated by a famous letter from Wallace, sent during the menstruum covered by The Malay Archipelago while he was staying in Ternate, which described the theory of development by natural selection in outline.^[ii]) Wallace and Bates had been inspired past reading the American entomologist William Henry Edwards's pioneering 1847 volume A Voyage Up the River Amazon, with a residency at Pará.^[3] Bates stayed in the Amazons for 11 years, going on to write The Naturalist on the River Amazons (1863); however, Wallace, ill with fever, went habitation in 1852 with thousands of specimens, some for science and some for auction. The ship and his collection were destroyed by burn at sea near the Guianas. Rather than giving up, Wallace wrote near the Amazon in both prose and poetry, and so prepare canvass again, this time for the Malay Archipelago.^[2]

Overview [edit]

The preface summarises Wallace's travels, the thousands of specimens he collected, and some of the results from their analysis later his render to England. In the preface he notes that he travelled over 14,000 miles and collected 125,660 specimens, generally of insects: 83,200 beetles, xiii,100 collywobbles and moths, xiii,400 other insects. He also returned to England 7,500 "shells" (such as molluscs), 8,050 birds, 310 mammals and 100 reptiles.^{[P one]}

Fold-out coloured map at front of book, showing Wallace's travels around the archipelago. The deep water that separates Kalimantan from Sulawesi (Celebes) forms what became known as the Wallace line.

The book is dedicated to Charles Darwin, but as Wallace explains in the preface, he has chosen to avoid discussing the evolutionary implications of his discoveries. Instead he confines himself to the "interesting facts of the problem, whose solution is to exist found in the principles developed by Mr. Darwin",^{[P 2]} and so from a scientific point of view, the book is largely a descriptive natural history. This modesty belies the fact that while in Sarawak in 1855 Wallace wrote the paper On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species, concluding with the evolutionary "Sarawak Police", "Every species has come into beingness coincident both in space and fourth dimension with a closely centrolineal species", 3 years before he fatefully wrote to Darwin proposing the concept of natural selection.^[4]

The first chapter describes the physical geography and geology of the islands with detail attention to the role of volcanoes and earthquakes. It too discusses the overall pattern of the flora and creature including the fact that the islands tin be divided, by what would eventually become known as the Wallace line, into two parts, those whose animals are more closely related to those of Asia and those whose fauna is closer to that of Australia.^{[P iii]}

The following capacity draw in detail the places Wallace visited. Wallace includes numerous observations on the people, their languages, ways of living, and social system, likewise equally on the plants and animals constitute in each location. He talks nearly the biogeographic patterns he observes and their implications for natural history, in terms both of the movement of species^[b] and of the geologic history of the region. He too narrates some of his personal experiences during his travels.^{[P four]} The final chapter is an overview of the indigenous, linguistic, and cultural divisions amidst the people who live in the region and speculation about what such divisions might indicate about their history.^{[P 5]}

Publication [edit]

Treeps, Hurstpierpoint, the house where The Malay Archipelago was largely written

The Malay Archipelago was largely written at Treeps, Wallace's wife's family home in Hurstpierpoint, West Sussex.^[v] It was starting time published in Leap 1869 as a single volume first edition, nevertheless was reprinted in ii volumes by Macmillan (London), marked 2nd edition the same twelvemonth past Harper & Brothers (New York). Wallace returned to England in 1862, just explains in the Preface that given the big quantity of specimens and his poor health after his stay in the torrid zone, it took a long time. He noted that he could at in one case take printed his notes and journals, but felt that doing that would have been disappointing and unhelpful. Instead, therefore, he waited until he had published papers on his discoveries, and other scientists had described and named as new species some two,000 of his beetles (Coleoptera), and over 900 Hymenoptera including 200 new species of emmet.^{[P 6]} The volume went through 10 editions, with the terminal published in 1890.^[half-dozen] Information technology has been translated into at to the lowest degree twelve languages.^[7]

Illustrations [edit]

The illustrations are, according to the Preface, fabricated from Wallace'due south own sketches, photographs, or specimens. Wallace thanks Walter and Henry Woodbury for some photographs of scenery and native people. He acknowledges William Wilson Saunders and Mr Pascoe for horned flies and very rare longhorn beetles: all the balance were from his ain enormous collection.

The original drawings were fabricated straight on to the forest engraving blocks by leading artists Thomas Baines, Walter Hood Fitch, John Gerrard Keulemans, E. Westward. Robinson, Joseph Wolf, and T. W. Wood, co-ordinate to the List of Illustrations. Wood besides illustrated Darwin's The Descent of Man, while Robinson and Wolf both as well provided illustrations for The Naturalist on the River Amazons (1863), written by Wallace's friend Henry Walter Bates.^[eight]

Contents [edit]

Volume i [edit]

i Concrete Geography

Wallace sets out the scope of the volume, describing what "To the ordinary Englishman" is "maybe the least known part of the globe."^{[P 7]} The archipelago, he explains, stretches more than 4,000 miles e to due west, and about 1,300 miles north to due south, with over 20 sizeable islands and innumerable isles and islets.

Indo-Malay Islands [edit]

"Remarkable Beetles Found at Simunjon, Kalimantan: Neocerambyx æneas, Cladognathus tarandus, Diurus furcellatus, Ectatorhinus Wallacei, Megacriodes Saundersii, Cyriopalpus Wallacei"

2 Singapore

Wallace gives a lively description of the people of the town, and of the wildlife of the island. He finds the Chinese the most noticeable of the people, while in one square mile of forest he found 700 species of beetles including 130 longhorns.

three Malacca and Mount Ophir.

He finds an attractive one-time Portuguese town, and beautiful birds such as the blue-billed gaper. The flora includes pitcher plants and giant ferns. There are tigers and rhinoceros, simply the elephants had already disappeared.

four Borneo—The Orang-Utan

He stays in Sarawak, and finds the Simunjon coal-works user-friendly, as the workers are happy to be paid a fiddling for insects they detect, including locusts, stick insects and nearly 24 new species of beetles each day. In all he collects 2000 species of beetle in Borneo, nearly all at the coal mine site; he also found a flying frog and orang-utans in the aforementioned place.

Dyak crossing a bamboo bridge

5 Borneo—Journey in the Interior

Wallace returns to Sarawak, where he stays in the round 'head-house' of a Dyak village, travels upriver, and describes the Durian, praising it as the rex of fruits with exquisite and unsurpassed flavour,^{[P eight]} and the Dyak'southward slender bamboo bridges,^{[P nine]} every bit well as ferns and Nepenthes bullpen plants. On a mountain he finds the only place in his entire journey where moths are abundant; he collected i,386 moths on a full of 26 nights, but over 800 of these were caught on four very wet and nighttime nights. He attributes the reason to having a ceiling that finer trapped the moths; in other houses the moths at once escaped into the roof, and he recommends naturalists to bring a verandah-shaped tent to enable them to catch moths.^{[P 10]}

half dozen Kalimantan—The Dyaks

Wallace describes the Dyak people, expressing surprise that despite Thomas Malthus's predictions for the human population of the world, and the lack of any obvious restraints, the Dyak population appeared to exist stable.

seven Java

Wallace stayed three and a half months in Coffee, where he admires the system of government and the contented people. The population is, he notes, rapidly increasing, from 3.v million in 1800 to five.five one thousand thousand in 1826 and 14 meg in 1865. He enjoys the fine Hindu archaeological sites, and the flora of the mountain tops which accept plants resembling those of Europe, including the royal cowslip, Primula imperialis, owned to one mountain top.

8 Sumatra

He visits Sumatra while the coastal forest of Nipa palms is flooded to a distance of several miles from the sea. The river houses at Palembang are built on rafts moored to piles, rising and falling with the tide. He admires the traditional houses of the villages, but had difficulty getting any food there, the people living entirely on rice through the rainy season. He discovers some new species of butterfly including Papilio memnon which occurs in different forms, some being Batesian mimics of Papilio coon. He admires the camouflage of a species of dead leafage butterfly, Kallima paralekta. He is pleased that one of his hunters brings him a male hornbill, shot at its nest hole while feeding the female.

nine Natural History Of The Indo-Malay Islands.

Wallace sketches the natural history of the islands to the West of the Wallace line, noting that the flora is like that of India, as described by the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in his 1855 Flora Indica. Similarly the mammals are like to those of India, including the tiger, leopard, rhinoceros and elephant. The bird species had diverged, but the genera were mainly the same, and some species of (for case) woodpecker, parrot, kingfisher and pheasant were found from India to Java and Borneo, while many more were institute both in Sumatra and the Malay peninsula.

The Timor Group [edit]

ten Bali And Lombock

Wallace is grateful for an involuntary stop in Bali, which he finds one of the most interesting places of his trip, as Hindu community and religion are nonetheless practised, while on Lombok he finds Australian birds such as cockatoos, observing that this is the well-nigh westerly indicate of that family unit's range.

11 Lombock—Manners And Customs

On Lombok, Wallace observes how guns are made, witnessing the tiresome of gun barrels by two men rotating a pole which is weighted downward by a handbasket of stones. He describes the Sasak people of the island, and the custom of running amok.

12 Lombock—How The Rajah Took The Census

The whole chapter is taken upwardly with a legend, which Wallace calls an anecdote, well-nigh the rajah (king) of Lombok. Information technology involves taxation, needles and sacred krisses.

13 Timor

Wallace describes the island of Timor, its affluence of fan-palms, its people who are like Papuans, and the Portuguese authorities which he considers extremely poor. On some hills he finds Eucalyptus (gum) copse, a genus from Australia; he finds the vegetation monotonous also.

14 Natural History of the Timor Grouping

He finds the mixture of bird species intermediate between those of Coffee and Australia, with 36 species actually Javan, and 11 closely related; while at that place are only 13 actually Australian, with 35 closely related. Wallace interprets this to mean that a small number of birds from Australia, and a larger number from Java, colonised Timor and so evolved into new species endemic to the island. The land mammals were very few in number: the six species were endemic or related to those of Java or the Moluccas, with none from Australia, so he doubts in that location was ever a land bridge to that continent.

The Celebes Group [edit]

15 Celebes—Macassar

Wallace finds staying in the town of Macassar expensive, and moves out into the countryside. He meets the rajah, and is lucky plenty to stay on a subcontract where he is given a glass of milk every day, "one of my greatest luxuries".^{[P 11]}

16 Celebes—Macassar

He catches some Ornithoptera (birdwings), "the largest, the almost perfect, and the most beautiful of butterflies".^{[P 12]} He uses rotten jackfruit to attract beetles, but finds few birds. The limestone mountains are eroded into skittle-shaped pillars with narrow bases.

17 Celebes—Menado

Wallace visits Menado on the northeast declension of Celebes. The people of the Minahasa region are fair-skinned, unlike anywhere else in the archipelago. He stays loftier in the mountains by the coffee plantations, and is oftentimes common cold, but finds that the animals are no different from those lower downwardly. The forest was full of orchids, bromeliads, clubmosses and mosses. He experiences an earthquake, but the low timber-framed houses survive with lilliputian damage. He finds that the people, under the guidance of missionaries, are the virtually difficult-working, peaceful and civilised of the whole archipelago. He obtains (obviously past purchase) skulls of the babirusa (hog-deer) and the rare sapiutan (midget buffalo).

18 Natural History of Celebes

He describes the range of species in each grouping in some detail, concluding that the birds are dissimilar those of whatever of the surrounding countries and are quite isolated, just are related to those of distant places including New Guinea, Commonwealth of australia, India and Africa; he thinks there is nowhere else where so many such species occur in one identify. Similarly in the Nymphalidae (he mentions the English member, the purple emperor butterfly), in that location are 48 species of which 35 are endemic to Celebes. He concludes that the Celebes group of islands is a major faunal division of the archipelago.

The Moluccas [edit]

xix Banda

He finds Banda delightful, with a smoking volcano and a fine view from the height. The nutmeg trees are beautiful but he regrets the catastrophe of the Dutch monopoly in the nutmeg trade, which avoided the demand to levy straight taxes. The but indigenous animals, he thinks, are bats, except possibly for its opossum species.

20 Amboyna

He finds the inhabitants of Amboyna lazy, but the harbour contained the nigh beautiful sight, "a continuous serial of corals, sponges, actiniæ, and other marine productions, of magnificent dimensions, varied forms, and brilliant colours."^{[P 13]} A big python has to be ejected from the roof-space of his house. He enjoys the true breadfruit, which he considers good in many dishes but best but baked.

Volume 2 [edit]

The Moluccas (continued) [edit]

21 Ternate

Wallace takes on and repairs a house which he keeps for three years, cartoon a plan of information technology in the volume; it has stone walls 3 feet (1 metre) loftier, with posts holding upwards the roof; the walls and ceiling are made of the leafage-stems of the sago palm. He has a well of make clean common cold water, and the market provides "unwonted luxuries" of fresh food; he returns here to restore his health subsequently arduous journeys.

22 Gilolo

He finds the large island rather dull, with much tall coarse grass and few species. In the wood he obtains some modest "parroquets", brush-tongued lories, and the day-flying moth Cocytia d'Urvillei.^[9]

23 Voyage to the Kaióa Islands and Batchian

He hires a small boat to go to the highly recommended isle of Batchian and crosses to Tidore, where he sees the comet of October 1858; it spans about xx degrees of the nighttime sky. They sail past the volcanic island of Makian which erupted in 1646 and devastatingly again, presently afterward Wallace had left the archipelago, in 1862. In the Kaióa Islands he finds some virgin forest where the beetles are more than abundant than anywhere he ever saw in his life, with swarms of gold Buprestidae, rose-chafers, and long-horned weevils, every bit well as longicorn beetles. "It was a glorious spot, and i which will always live in my memory as exhibiting the insect-life of the torrid zone in unexampled luxuriance."^{[P 14]}

24 Batchian

He is lent a house by the Sultan, who offers him tea and cakes but asks him to teach him to make maps and to give him a gun and a milking goat, "all of which requests I evaded as skilfully every bit I was able".^{[P 15]} His retainer Ali shoots a new bird of paradise, Wallace'south standardwing, "a great prize" and a "striking novelty".^{[P 16]} He is a piddling disappointed in the range of insects and birds, but discovers new species of roller, sunbird and is happy to run across the racquet-tailed kingfisher. His firm is burgled twice; a blacksmith manages to pick his locks and make him a new set of keys; and he discovers a new species of birdwing butterfly.

25 Ceram, Goram, and the Matabello Islands

He travels to Ceram, where he enjoys the visitor of a multilingual Flemish plantation possessor. He finds few birds despite constant searching and wading through rivers; the water and the crude ground destroy both his pairs of shoes, and he returns home on the last day lame from walking "in my stockings very painfully".^{[P 17]} Sailing in the Matabello Islands, he is blown ten miles off course, his men fearing being swept on to the coast of New Guinea "in which case nosotros should most likely all be murdered" as the tribes at that place are treacherous and bloodthirsty.^{[P 18]} He is sad to run into that even the smallest children here all chew betel-nut and are disfigured by sores from a poor diet. However he enjoys their palm vino which he finds more similar cider than beer, and the "h2o" inside young coconuts, which, he explains, is nothing like the undrinkable contents of the sometime dry coconuts on sale in England. He buys a prau and surprises the people past fitting information technology out himself, using tools "of the best London make", but defective a large drill the holes take to be fabricated, very slowly, past boring with hot fe rods.^{[P nineteen]} Travelling round Ceram, the coiffure from Goram run away. He describes in item the process of making sago.

26 Bouru

He finds he has arrived in the rainy season, seeing mainly mud and h2o. He complains that two months' piece of work produce only 210 species of beetle, compared to 300 in three weeks at Amboyna. However one Cerambyx beetle was upwardly to 3 inches (7.5 cm) long, with antennae upwardly to 5 inches (12.5 cm) in length. He is amused at himself for finding his elementary hut comfortable, once he has made a rough table and is in his rattan chair, with a musquito cyberspace and "big Scotch plaid" to course a "little sleeping flat". He gets 17 new (at least for the Moluccas) species of bird including a new Pitta bird.^{[P 20]}

27 The Natural History of the Moluccas

The just carnivore in the Moluccas is the Malayan civet (Musang), which he supposes has been introduced past accident as it is kept for its musk. The Celebes Babirusa is, oddly, institute on Bouru, which he supposes it reached partly by pond, citing Sir Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology to confirm this ability. The other mammals are marsupial, so, he presumes, true natives. In contrast to the few mammals, there are at least 265 bird species, more than all of Europe, which had 257, but of these just three groups – parrots, kingfishers and pigeons – make up nearly a third, compared to merely a twentieth of the birds of Bharat. Wallace suggests this is because they came from New Guinea, which has a similar lack of some groups, and adds that many New Guinea birds have not reached the Moluccas, implying that the islands take been isolated for a long time.

Papuan Grouping [edit]

Papuan charm, by E. Westward. Robinson

28 Macassar to the Aru Islands in a Native Prau

Wallace decides to avoid the rainy season of Celebes by travelling to the Aru Islands, the source of pearls, female parent-of-pearl, and tortoiseshell for Europe, and edible birds' nests and sea-slugs for Cathay, even though they are inhabited by "savages". He is excited despite the danger of a 1,000-mile (1600 km) voyage in a 70-ton Bugis prau with a crew of fifty, considering the islands the "Ultima Thule of the East". His small-scale cabin was the "snuggest" he ever had at sea, and he liked the natural materials and the absence of foul-smelling paint and tar.^{[P 21]} The Molucca body of water was phosphorescent, like a nebula seen in a telescope. He sees flying fish near Teor, which is wrongly marked on the charts.

29 The Ké Islands

The prau is greeted by 3 or 4 long high-beaked canoes, well-nigh l men naked but for shells and long plumes of cassowary feathers, singing and shouting as they rowed, who board the prow with loftier exuberance "intoxicated with joy and excitement" request for tobacco.^{[P 22]} It is at once articulate to Wallace these Papuans are not Malays in appearance or behaviour.^{[P 23]} They are expert gunkhole-builders, using only axe, adze and auger, fitting planks together so well that a knife-blade tin hardly exist inserted anywhere.^{[P 24]} They use no coin, bartering for knives, cloth and "arrack" brandy, and bring many beetles including a new jewel protrude species, Cyphogastra calepyga, in return for tobacco.

30 The Aru Islands—Residence in Dobbo

On ane day he captures about 30 species of butterfly, the nearly since he was in the Amazon, including the "large and handsome spectre-butterfly, Hestia durvillei",^{[P 25]} and a few days later

one of the near magnificent insects the world contains, the great bird-winged butterfly, Ornithoptera poseidon. I trembled with excitement as I saw information technology coming majestically towards me,... and was gazing, lost in adoration, at the velvet black and brilliant green of its wings, seven inches across, its gilded body, and crimson breast... The village of Dobbo held that evening at least i contented human."

—Wallace^{[P 25]}

"The 'king' and the 'twelve wired' birds of paradise", drawn on wood past J. Chiliad. Keulemans

31 The Aru Islands—Journey and Residence in the Interior

He is brought a king bird-of-paradise, amusing the islanders with his excitement; information technology had been one of his goals for travelling to the archipelago. He reflects on how their dazzler is wasted in the "dark and gloomy woods, with no intelligent centre to gaze upon their loveliness", simply that when "civilized man" reaches the islands he will certainly upset the rest of nature and make the birds extinct.^{[P 26]} He finds the men the most beautiful of all the peoples he has stayed among, the women less handsome "except in farthermost youth".^{[P 27]}

32 The Aru Islands—Second Residence in Dobbo

He sees a cock-fight in the street, simply is more interested in a game of football, played with a hollow brawl of rattan, and remarks the "excessive cheapness"^{[P 28]} of all goods including those fabricated in Europe or America, which he believes causes idleness and drunkenness because there is no need to work hard to obtain goods. He admires a blood-red-flowered tree surrounded with flocks of blue and orangish lories. He is given some birds' nest soup, which he constitute nearly tasteless.

33 The Aru Islands—Physical Geography and Aspects of Nature

The islands are completely crossed by three narrow channels which resemble and are called rivers, though they are inlets of the sea. The wild animals is much similar that of New Republic of guinea, 150 miles (240 km) away, which he supposes was once connected by a land bridge. Most flowers are green; large and showy flowers are rare or absent.

34 New Guinea—Dorey

He travels to New Republic of guinea after long anticipation. The coastal village houses stand in the water; they have gunkhole-shaped roofs, and often have human skulls hanging under the eaves, trophies of battles with their attackers, the Arfaks. The council firm has "revolting" carvings of naked figures. He finds the inhabitants oftentimes very handsome, equally they are tall with aquiline noses and heads of carefully combed "frizzly" pilus.^{[P 29]} He failed to observe the birds of paradise described by the French pharmacist and botanist René Primevère Lesson, but is pleased with the horned deer-flies, including Elaphomia cervicornis and E. wallacei. He injured his ankle and had to rest as information technology became an ulcer, while all his men had fever, dysentery or ague. When he recovers, birds are scarce, but he finds about 30 species of beetles each day on boilerplate; on 2 memorable days he finds 78 and 95 kinds, his personal tape; it takes him half-dozen hours to pin and lay out the specimens afterwards. In all he collected over 800 species of beetle in Dorey. He leaves "without much regret" equally he never visited a place with "more privations and annoyances."^{[P 30]}

35 Voyage from Ceram to Waigiou

He is diddled far off class while trying to reach his assistant, Mr Allen, losing some men who went ashore, dragging anchor, running on to a coral reef, and guided by an incorrect map; information technology took 8 days "amid the reefs and islands of Waigiou"^{[P 31]} to render to a rubber harbour. He sends a boat to rescue his men; it returns 10 days later on without them, but he pays them once more, and on the 2d endeavor it returns with his two men, who had survived for a month "on the roots and tender flower-stalks of a species of Bromelia, on trounce-fish, and on a few turtles' eggs."^{[P 32]}

36 Waigiou

He builds a palm-leaf hut, which leaks desperately until they increment the gradient of the roof. He shoots a reddish bird-of-paradise. He supposes the people to be of mixed race. He sails to Bessir where the chief lends him a tiny hut on stilts, entered past a ladder, and not tall enough to stand up in. He learns to alive and work "in a semi-horizontal position";^{[P 33]} he is the first white human to come to the island. He trades goods for birds-of-paradise; the people exercise non shoot them with blunt arrows like Aru islanders, only set out fruit every bit allurement on a forked stick, and catch the birds with a noose of cord that hangs from the stick downwardly to the ground, pulling the cord when the bird arrives, sometimes after ii or three days.

37 Voyage from Waigiou to Ternate

While sailing dorsum to Ternate the boat is overtaken by a dozen waves which approached with a dull roaring similar heavy surf, the sea being "perfectly smooth"^{[P 34]} before and afterwards; he concludes these must have been earthquake waves equally William Dampier had described. Later he learnt that there had been an earthquake on Gilolo that day. On the journeying they lose their anchor, and their mooring cable is snapped by a squall. New wooden anchors are ingeniously made. The men believe the boat is unlucky and ask for a ceremony before travelling further. They are caught past a storm and lose the small boat they are towing. Wallace notes that in 78 days there was "not one single day of off-white wind." (sic)^{[P 35]}

38 The Birds of Paradise

Wallace, pointing out that he often journeyed expressly to obtain specimens, describes the birds-of-paradise in particular, and the effects of sexual selection by the females. He covers the great, male monarch, red, magnificent, superb, gold or six-shafted, standard wing, twelve-wired, and epimaque or long-tailed birds-of-paradise, as well as 3 New Guinea birds which he considers almost every bit remarkable. He suggests they could live well if released in the Palm House at Kew Gardens. In all he knows of 18 species, of which 11 are from New Guinea and 8 are endemic to it and Salwatty, or 14 in the general New Republic of guinea surface area (1 being from the Moluccas and three from Australia). His assistant Mr Allen runs into problem equally the people were suspicious of his motives. A year of five voyages had produced just 5 of the 14 species in the New Republic of guinea surface area.

39 Natural History of the Papuan Islands

New Guinea, writes Wallace, is more often than not unknown, with only the wildlife of the northwestern peninsula partially explored, but already 250 land birds are known, making the island of keen interest. There are few mammals, generally marsupials, including a kangaroo (first seen by Le Brun in 1714).

"Portrait of a Javanese Main"

40 The Races of Homo in the Malay Archipelago

Wallace ends the book by describing his views on the peoples of the archipelago. He finds the Malays, such as the Javanese, the virtually civilised, though he describes the Dyaks of Kalimantan and the Bataks of Sumatra, amid others, every bit "the savage Malays".^{[P 36]} He quotes the traveller Nicolo Conti'due south 1430 account of them, with other early descriptions. He thinks the Papuan the opposite of the Malay, impulsive and demonstrative where the Malay is impassive and taciturn. He speculates about their origins, and in a note at the stop, criticises English order.

Appendix [edit]

On Crania And Languages

Wallace mentions Huxley's theory, and Dr. Joseph Barnard Davis's book Thesaurus Craniorum, which supposed that human being races could be distinguished by the shape of the cranium, the dome of the skull, of which theory Wallace is sceptical. However he lists measurements he had taken of the crania of "Malays" and "Papuans", noting that within the Malay group there was enormous variation. He had few skulls in the Papuan group and there were no definite differences between the two groups.

The language appendix lists 9 words (black, white, burn down, water, large, modest, nose, tongue, molar) in 59 of the languages encountered in the archipelago, and 117 words in 33 of those languages, making information technology clear that many of the languages have many words in common.

Reception [edit]

Contemporary [edit]

The Malay Archipelago was warmly received on publication, often in lengthy reviews that attempted to summarise the book, from the perspective that suited the reviewing periodical. It was reviewed in more than twoscore periodicals: a selection of those reviews is summarised beneath.^[ten]

Anthropological Review [edit]

The Anthropological Review notes that while the descriptions of creature life are "total of interest", "our readers, equally anthropologists, will, however, take a keener interest" in the "great man-similar ape of Borneo,—the orang-utan, or mias, every bit information technology is called by the aborigines". Ii pages are taken upwardly with a word of the orang utan. The review and so turns to Wallace's observations on "the races of man" in the book, observing that the anthropological details given are useful just perhaps chosen to support "a detail theory", namely Wallace's belief that there were eastern and western races—"Malays" and "Papuans", though the boundary between them was east of the Wallace line. The review accepts Wallace's data on natural history, but suspects he was selective in recording details of individuals. Information technology notes that Wallace agreed with French authors that the Polynesians (included in his Papuans) "had a local origin". The review remarks that "Mr Wallace relies more on the diverseness of moral features to show differences of race than on physical peculiarities, although he declares that these are strongly marked" and doubts the departure, and wonders whether the "Javan main" and the Dyak practice not differ more. The review, later 10 pages of reflections on race, concludes past recommending the book to its readers as much better than ordinary travel books "and even in the absence of any very stirring incidents" that it will "amply repay the perusal" of both scientific and general readers.^[eleven]

Periodical of the Ethnological Society of London [edit]

"Papuan, New Guinea" was reprinted from The Malay Archipelago in the Ethnological Society's review.

The Journal of the Ethnological Lodge of London focussed exclusively on the ethnology in the book, praising the value both of the information and of Wallace's "thoughtful and suggestive speculation".^[12] The review notes that Wallace identified 2 "types of mankind" in the archipelago, "the Malayan and the Papuan", and that he thought these two had "no traceable affinity to each other". It remarks that Wallace greatly extends knowledge of the people of Timor, Celebes, and the Maluccas, while likewise adding to what is known of the Malays and Papuans, reprinting his entire clarification and his engraving of a Papuan. The reviewer remarks that the portrait "would as well suit a Papuan of the south-e declension of New Republic of guinea as any of those whom Mr. Wallace saw", noting however that the southern tribes are more varied in skin colour. The reviewer disagrees with Wallace about the extension of this "Papuan race" equally far every bit Fiji, noting that there are or were people like that in Tasmania, but that their features and peak varied widely, perchance forming a series. The reviewer disagrees as well that the Sandwich Islanders and "New Zealanders" (Maori) are related to the Papuans; and with Wallace'south merits that the presence of Malay words in Polynesian languages is caused by the "roaming habits" – trade and navigation – of the Malays, arguing instead that the Polynesians long ago migrated from "some mutual seat in, or nigh, the Malay Archipelago". The review ends past stating that despite all these disagreements, it holds Wallace's ethnology in "high estimation".^[12]

Royal Geographical Society [edit]

Sir Roderick Murchison, giving a spoken communication at the Purple Geographical Society, felt able to "feel a pride" in Wallace'south success, and in the "striking contributions" fabricated to science. He takes interest in "Wallace's line" which he calls "this ingenious speculation", with "the 2 faunas wonderfully contrasted" either side of the deep aqueduct between Borneo and Celebes, or Bali and Lombok. He points out the same principle between the British Isles and continental Europe, though there the conclusion is rather that the aforementioned fauna and flora is found on both sides. However, Murchison states his disagreement with Wallace's support for James Hutton's principle of uniformitarianism, that "all former changes of the outline of the earth were produced slowly", opining that the Bali–Lombok channel probably formed suddenly. He mentions in one sentence that the book contains "interesting and important facts" on physical geography, native inhabitants, climate and products of the archipelago, and describes Wallace as a cracking naturalist and a "about attractive writer".^[13]

The Ladies' Repository [edit]

I of the shortest reviews was in The Ladies' Repository, which found it

a highly valuable and intensely interesting contribution to our knowledge of a office of the world but little known in Europe or America. Just few of our tourists always visit it, and scarcely any have always gone to explore it. Mr. Wallace is not an amateur traveler, making a hasty visit, to return and write a jerky and almost useless book. He is an enthusiastic naturalist, a geographer, and geologist, a student of man and nature.

— ^[14]

The reviewer notes the region is "of terrific grandeur, parts of it beingness perpetually illuminated by discharging volcanoes, and all of it ofttimes shaken with earthquakes." The review summarises the book's geographical reach and style in a paragraph.^[14]

The Popular Science Review [edit]

The Popular Scientific discipline Review began by writing that "Nosotros never remember to have taken up a book which gave us more than pleasure".^[xv] It was quite different the tedious journeying logs of most travel books; information technology was "a romance, which is, still, patently matter of fact". The review especially admires the way that Wallace "has generalised on the facts" rather than just shooting "a multitude of birds" and interminably describing them. The account notes that Wallace was the joint originator of the theory of natural pick, and summarises the discovery of the Wallace line in some detail. The review ends by placing the Malay Archipelago between Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and Darwin's Origin of Species.^[fifteen]

American Quarterly Church Review [edit]

"Natives of Aru shooting the nifty bird of paradise"

The American Quarterly Church Review admires Wallace'south bravery in going lone among the "fell races" in a "villainous climate" with all the hardships of travel, and his hard work in skinning, stuffing, drying and bottling so many specimens. Since "As a scientific man he follows Darwin" the review finds "his theories sometimes demand as many grains of salt equally his specimens." But the review then agrees that the book will "make the globe wiser almost its more solitary and singular children, hid away over the seas", and opines that no-one will mind paying the toll of the book to read nigh the birds of paradise, "those bird-angels, with flaming wings of blood-red and aureate and scarlet, who twitter and gambol and make merry among the keen island trees, while the Malay hunts for them with his edgeless-headed arrows..." The review concludes that the book is a fresh and valuable tape of "a remote and romantic land".^[xvi]

Australian Town and State Journal [edit]

The Australian Town and Country Journal begins by stating that^[17]

Mr. Wallace is more often than not understood to be the originator of the theory of "Natural Selection" as propounded by Mr. Darwin, and certainly .. he brings numerous phenomena which he regards as illustrative of that theory very vividly nether the notice of his readers, and that, too, as if he were but a disciple of Mr. Darwin, and not an original discoverer.

— ^[17]

and quickly makes clear that it objects to Wallace'due south doubts near "indications of pattern" in plants. Despite this "grave" mistake, the reviewer considers the volume to be of immense value, and that information technology would become a standard work on the region.^[17] The review quotes a paragraph that paints "a picture of country life in the Celebes", where Wallace describes his host, a Mr. One thousand., who relied on his gun to supply his table with wild pigs, deer, and jungle fowl, while enjoying his own milk, butter, rice, coffee, ducks, palm wine and tobacco. However, the Australian reviewer doubted Wallace's judgement about flavours, given that he praised the Durian fruit, namely that it tastes of custard, cream cheese, onion sauce, brown sherry "and other incongruities", whereas "almost Europeans" found it "an abomination".^[17]

Otherwise, the review notes that Wallace seemed to have enjoyed his fourth dimension in the Celebes, with the hornbills flapping past, and the baboons staring downwards from their copse, and enjoys his enthusiasm for the birds of paradise. The review is respectful of his account of the Wallace line, having no difficulty agreeing that the Australian-type vegetation continues into the archipelago as far equally Lombok and Celebes. It concludes that he covers almost every natural phenomenon he came across "with the accurateness and discriminating sagacity of an accomplished naturalist", and explains that the "not bad charm" of the book is "a truthful simplicity" which inspires confidence.^[17]

Calcutta Review [edit]

The Calcutta Review starts by noting that this is a book that cannot be done justice in a brief find, that Wallace is a most eminent naturalist, and chiefly known as a Darwinian; the book was the well-nigh interesting to cantankerous the reviewer'south desk since Palgrave's Arabia (1865) and Sir Samuel Baker's Explorations of the Nile (1866). By combining geography, geology and ethnology into one narrative, the reader is saved "the monotony of traversing the same regions several times". The review describes in particular Wallace's findings of different birds and mammals either side of the Wallace line. It notes Wallace'south cheerfulness and practiced temper in the face of "the difficulties and inconveniences attendant upon foreign travel", such as having to cantankerous "a hundred miles of open sea in a footling boat of iv tons burthen",^[eighteen] which Wallace calmly describes as comparatively comfy. The reviewer remarks that Wallace was "gear up downwards as a conjuror past these unproblematic people" with unimaginable purposes from a faraway country, but is less admiring about Wallace'southward moralising tone, specially when he supposes that "wild communities" can be happier than "in a more than highly civilised gild". The review ends with some reflections of surprise on how trivial-known the Malay Archipelago is in Republic of india, given that they were closely connected with Hindu temples in Java and Bali, and hopes that soon there volition exist some "productions" of the archipelago in the Indian Museum of Calcutta.^[xix]

Revue des Deux Mondes [edit]

The volume's fame spread beyond the English language-speaking globe. R. Radau wrote a lengthy review of Un naturaliste dans 50'Archipel Malais in the French Revue des Deux Mondes. Radau notes the many deaths from volcanic eruptions in the archipelago, earlier explaining the similarity of the fauna of Coffee and Sumatra with that of central Asia, while that of the Celebes carries the marking of Australia, seeming to exist the last representatives of another age. Radau describes Wallace'south experiences in Singapore, where goods were far cheaper than in Europe – wire, knives, corkscrews, gunpowder, writing-paper, and he remarks on the spread of the Jesuits into the interior, though the missionaries had to alive on just 750 francs a twelvemonth. Singapore was covered in wooded hills, and the sawn wood and rotten trunks supported innumerable beetles for the naturalist to written report. The merely bellicose element was that the tigers that roared in the forest devoured on average one Chinese per twenty-four hours, especially in the ginger plantations.^[20]

Radau summarises one passage from the volume after another: the orang utans of Borneo wrestling open the jaws of a crocodile, or killing a python; the Timorese walking up tall trees, leaning back on ropes as they pull themselves up; the indescribable gustation of a durian fruit, at in one case recalling custard, almond paste, roasted onions, sherry and a host of other things, that melts on the tongue, that i does non want to terminate eating; more than, the fruit has a repulsive odour, and the tree is dangerous, as the hard and heavy fruits tin fall on your caput. Radau follows Wallace upwards to the high plateaux of Java, where at that place are cypress forests covered in moss and lichen; finally at the summit the vegetation seems European, an island vegetation recalling the resemblance betwixt the plants of the high Alps and of Lapland. And in Celebes, men run amok, generally killing a dozen people before meeting their own death.^[20]

Radau returns to nutrient, describing sago and the breadfruit tree. The breadfruit tastes like Yorkshire pudding or mashed potato; with meat it is the best of vegetables; with carbohydrate, milk, butter or molasses, it is a delicious pudding with a special season; Radau hopes that mayhap it will one day exist found in European markets. Every bit for the sago palm, one tree yields 1,800 cakes, plenty to feed a man for a year.^[20]

There is torrential pelting; in that location are savages; there are dangerous trips in small boats. Just in the final paragraph does Radau reflect on it all: "We take tried, in this study on Wallace'southward two volumes, to requite an thought of what he saw in his eight-year stay in the Far East." He admits he has left out most of the natural history, and regrets not having space for more "charming pages" which would have taken him too far. He joins Wallace in reflecting on the relative state of "civilized" and "roughshod", wondering which is morally superior, and notes the "nostalgia for the archaic state", last that civilisation brings the benefit of reason to restrain hasty action.^[twenty]

Modern [edit]

The Guardian [edit]

Tim Radford, writing in The Guardian,^[21] considers that The Malay Archipelago shows Wallace to be "an extraordinary effigy", since he is

an adventurer who does not nowadays himself as audacious; he is a Victorian Englishman abroad with all the self-balls but without the lordly superiority of the coloniser; he is the chronicler of wonders who refuses to exaggerate, or to believe anybody else'due south improbable marvels: what he tin see and examine (and, very often, shoot) is wonder enough for him.

—Tim Radford^[21]

Radford finds "delights on every page", such as the Wallace line betwixt the islands of Bali and Lombok; the sparkling observations, similar "the river bed 'a mass of pebbles, mostly pure white quartz, merely with abundance of jasper and agate'"; the detailed only lively accounts of natural history and physical geography; the respectful and friendly attitude to the native peoples such every bit the loma Dyaks of Kalimantan; and his unclouded observations of human being order, such every bit the way a Bugis human in Lombok runs amok, where Wallace^[21]

begins to reflect on the possible satisfactions of mass murder as a course of honourable suicide for the brooding and resentful homo who 'will non put upwardly with such cruel wrongs, simply will be revenged on mankind and die like a hero.'

—Tim Radford^[21]

The Observer [edit]

Robin McKie, in The Observer,^[22] writes that the mutual view of Wallace "equally a clever, decent cove who knew his place" as 2nd fiddle to Charles Darwin is rather lopsided. Wallace, he writes, is "capable of not bad insights" in the Malay Archipelago. Travelling over 14,000 miles and collecting 125,000 specimens, he also fabricated "scrupulous notes" for the book which

subtly combines wildlife descriptions, geological musings and tales about the villagers, merchants and sultans he encountered on his travels through the Due east Indies.

—Robin McKie^[22]

In McKie's view, Wallace was a gifted writer with "an center for tricky observation", and this is ane of the finest of travel books. McKie liked the account of Wallace's night sleeping "'with half-a-dozen smoke-dried man skulls suspended over my caput'".^[22]

In research [edit]

The researcher Charles Smith rates the Malay Archipelago every bit "Wallace's most successful work, literarily and commercially", placing it second only to his Darwinism (1889) amongst his books for academic citations.^[23]

Influence on other works [edit]

The Malay Archipelago influenced many works starting with those of Wallace's contemporaries. The novelist Joseph Conrad used it as source material for some of his novels, including Almayer'south Folly, An Outcast of the Islands, and The Rescue.^[24] Commentators accept suggested it had a specially profound influence on Lord Jim,^[25] crediting it with amid other things the inspiration for the character Stein the entomologist.^[26] Conrad'south assistant Richard Curle wrote that The Malay Archipelago was Conrad's favourite bedside book;^[26] Conrad refers directly to what he calls Alfred Wallace'south famous book on the Malay Archipelago in The Secret Agent.^[27] In his short story, Neil MacAdam, Westward. Somerset Maugham has the title grapheme read The Malay Archipelago while travelling to Kalimantan, and its influence can be felt in the story'south description of that isle.^[26]

More recently, the volume has influenced a number of non-fiction books including The Song of the Dodo by David Quammen (1997), which discussed Wallace'due south contributions to the field of island biogeography;^{[28] [29]} The Spice Islands Voyage by Tim Severin (1997) that retraced Wallace'south travels;^[30] and Archipelago: The Islands of Republic of indonesia, by Gavan Daws (1999), which compared the environment described by Wallace with the modern state of the archipelago.^[31] The Malay Archipelago is considered to exist one of the most influential books ever written about the Indonesian islands.^[32] It remains a resource for modernistic authors of works about the region such every bit the 2014 book Indonesia Etc, which contains multiple quotations from Wallace'due south book as well as recommending it as further reading on the geography of Indonesia.^[33]

The English comedian Bill Bailey travelled around Indonesia in the footsteps of Wallace for a two-part television programme on BBC Ii, Nib Bailey's Jungle Hero, showtime broadcast in 2013, the centenary of Wallace'south expiry.^[34]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Bates was 22, Wallace was 24.
2. ^ Implying adaptive radiation.

References [edit]

Primary [edit]

This list is to place the places in the volume where quotations come from.

1. ^ Wallace, 1869. p. xiv.
2. ^ Wallace, 1869. p. xii.
3. ^ Wallace, 1869. Book 1, pp. one–30.
4. ^ Wallace, 1869.
5. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, pp. 439–464.
6. ^ Wallace, 1869. pp. vii–ix.
7. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 1, p. ii.
8. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume ane, pp. 117–119.
9. ^ Wallace, 1869. Book 1, pp. 123–124.
10. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 1, pp. 132–136.
11. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume one, p. 355.
12. ^ Wallace, 1869. Book 1, p. 364.
13. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 1, p. 463.
14. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 32.
15. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 38.
16. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 41.
17. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 85.
18. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, pp. 99–100, 111.
19. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume ii, p. 109.
20. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume ii, p. 133.
21. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume ii, pp. 158–162.
22. ^ Wallace, 1869. Book two, p. 177.
23. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 176.
24. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, pp. 184–186.
25. ^ ^{a b} Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, pp. 199–200.
26. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume ii, pp. 222–224.
27. ^ Wallace, 1869. Book ii, p. 254.
28. ^ Wallace, 1869. Book ii, p. 271.
29. ^ Wallace, 1869. Book 2, pp. 305–306.
30. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 327.
31. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 347.
32. ^ Wallace, 1869. Book ii, p. 348.
33. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 360.
34. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume ii, p. 371.
35. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 384.
36. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, p. 441.

Secondary [edit]

1. ^ Mallet, Jim. "Henry Walter Bates". Academy Higher London. Retrieved eleven December 2012.
2. ^ ^{a b} Shoumatoff, Alex (22 August 1988). "A Critic at Large, Henry Walter Bates". New Yorker. Archived from the original on 6 Baronial 2015.
3. ^ Edwards, 1847.
4. ^ Wallace, Alfred Russel (1855). "On the Police Which has Regulated the Introduction of Species". Western Kentucky Academy. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
5. ^ Beccaloni, George (2008). "2005-"Treeps" plaque". The Alfred Russel Wallace Website . Retrieved 3 March 2016.
6. ^ van Wyne, John (2012). "Malay Archipelago". Wallace Online, National University of Singapore. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
7. ^ ""The Malay Archipelago"". WorldCat. Retrieved half dozen September 2021.
8. ^ See Commons Category:E. W. Robinson
9. ^ "Cocytia durvillii". Papua Insects Foundation. Retrieved xx March 2013.
10. ^ Smith, Charles. "Writings on Wallace". W Kentucky University. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
11. ^ Anon (1869). "Book Reviews: The Malay Archipelago". Anthropological Review. seven: 310–323.
12. ^ ^{a b} Anon (March 1869). "The Malay Archipelago (Review)". Journal of the Ethnological Guild of London. i: 81–83.
13. ^ Murchison, Roderick (July 1869). "Wallace's Malay Archipelago". Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society. xiii: 286–289.
14. ^ ^{a b} Anon (March 1869). "The Malay Archipelago (Review)". The Ladies' Repository. 29: 77.
15. ^ ^{a b} Samuelson, James; Dawson, Henry; Dallas, William Sweetland, eds. (1869). "The Malayan Archipelago". The Popular Scientific discipline Review. viii: 286–287.
16. ^ Anon (January 1870). "The Malay Archipelago (Review)". American Quarterly Church Review. 21 (4): 610–611.
17. ^ ^{a b c d e} Anon (January 1870). "Literature: Review: The Malay Archipelago". Australian Town and Country Journal. 4: 18a–18b.
18. ^ The review is citing Wallace, 1869. Book 2, p. 92.
19. ^ Anon (1869). "Literature: The Malay Archipelago". Calcutta Review. 49 (The Quarter): xxiii–xxvii.
20. ^ ^{a b c d} Radau, R (1869). "United nations naturaliste dans l'Archipel Malais". Revue des Deux Mondes (Paris). 83 (ii): 675–706.
21. ^ ^{a b c d} Radford, Tim (11 January 2013). "The Malay Archipelago by Alfred Russel Wallace – review". The Guardian . Retrieved 13 March 2013.
22. ^ ^{a b c} McKie, Robin (19 April 2009). "Classics corner: Malay Archipelago". The Observer. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
23. ^ Smith, Charles. "Wallace's Most Cited Works". Western Kentucky University. Retrieved xiv March 2013.
24. ^ Slotten, Ross A. (2004). The Heretic in Darwin'southward Court: the life of Alfred Russel Wallace . New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 267. ISBN978-0-231-13010-iii.
25. ^ Rosen, Jonathen (5 February 2007). "Missing Link: Alfred Russel Wallace, Charles Darwin'southward neglected double". The New Yorker Feb 2007. Retrieved thirteen March 2013.
26. ^ ^{a b c} Raby, Peter (2008). Charles H. Smith; George Beccaloni (eds.). Wallace'south Literary Legacy. Natural Pick and Beyond: The Intellectual Legacy of Alfred Russell Wallace. Oxford University Printing. pp. 227–233. ISBN978-0-19-923916-0.
27. ^ Joseph Conrad (1916). The Hole-and-corner Agent: A Elementary Tale. Doubleday, Page and Company. p. 142.
28. ^ Quammen, 1997.
29. ^ "Review of 'The Song of the Dullard'". Smithsonian Magazine. 1996. Retrieved four May 2007.
30. ^ Severin, 1997.
31. ^ Daws, 1999.
32. ^ "Preface to the Papuaweb illustrated edition". PapuaWeb Project. 8 Baronial 2003. Retrieved iii May 2013.
33. ^ Elizabeth Pisani (2014). Indonesia Etc: Exploring the Improbable Nation. West. West. Norton & Company.
34. ^ Bailey, Pecker (2013). "Bill Bailey's Jungle Hero". British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 3 April 2013.

Bibliography [edit]

Wallace [edit]

Each edition was reprinted in subsequent years, then for example the tenth edition appeared in 1890, 1893, 1894, 1898, 1902, 1906 and later reprints, then many different dates can exist found in library catalogues.

• Wallace, Alfred Russel (1869). The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang–utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with sketches of human and nature (one ed.). Macmillan.

–-- 1872, Macmillan.

--- 1890, (10 ed.) Macmillan.

--- 2014 The Annotated Malay Archipelago by Alfred Russel Wallace, edited by John van Wyhe, NUS Press; annotated edition (15 December 2014), trade paperback, 836 pages, ISBN 978-9971698201

--- 2017, deluxe 2 book edition in slipcase with 64 colour plates published past the Folio Order.

Translations [edit]

--- 1869 Der Malayische Archipel : die Heimath des Orang-Utan und des Paradiesvogels; Reiseerlebnisse und Studien über Country und Leute , George Westermann, Braunschweig. (in German language, translated by Adolf Bernhard Meyer)

--- 1870–71 Insulinde : het state van den orang-oetan en den paradijsvogel , P.N. van Kampen, Amsterdam. (in Dutch)

--- 1870? 50'archipel malaisien : patrie de l'orang-outang et de l'oiseau de paradis : récits de voyage et étude de fifty'homme et de la nature , Librairie Hachette, Paris. (in French)

--- 1872 Malajskij archipelag, Sanktpeterburg Obščestvennaja Pol'za, St Petersburg. (in Russian)

--- 1942 馬来諸島 ('Marai shotō'), 南洋協會 , Nan'yō Kyōkai, Tokyo. (in Japanese)

--- 1942 Viaje al archipélago malayo , Espasa-Calpe, Buenos Aires. (in Castilian)

--- 1966 馬來群島科學考察記 ('Ma lai qun dao ke xue kao cha ji'), 臺灣商務 , Tai wan shang wu, Taipei. (in Chinese)

--- 2000 Menjelajah Nusantara : ekspedisi Alfred Russel Wallace abad ke-nineteen, Remaja Rosdakarya, Bandung. (in Indonesian)

[edit]

• Daws, Gavan (1999). Archipelago: The Islands of Indonesia – From the Nineteenth-century Discoveries of Alfred Russel Wallace to the Fate of Forests and Reefs in the Twenty-first Century. University of California Press. ISBN978-0-52021-576-4.
• Severin, Tim (1997). The Spice Islands Voyage: The Quest for Alfred Wallace, the Human Who Shared Darwin'south Discovery of Evolution. Little, Brownish. ISBN978-0-78670-721-8.
• Quammen, David (1997). The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinction . Simon & Schuster. ISBN978-0-68482-712-four.

External links [edit]

• Papua WebProject: The Malay Archipelago – illustrated edition
• Internet Archive: The Malay Archipelago
• Wallace Online: The Malay Archipelago – text, images, PDF of 1869 and 1890 editions
• Writings on Wallace: secondary sources, modern and from his own time, with links

eubanksexpristirts.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago

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